Reference and Bibtex for Complex Adaptations and the Evolution of Evolvability by Wagner, Gunter P. et. al.

@article{wagner-altenberg-evolution-of-evolvability,
	abstract = {: The problem of complex adaptations is studied in two largely disconnected research traditions: evolutionary biology and evolutionary computer science. This paper summarizes the results from both areas and compares their implications. In evolutionary computer science it was found that the Darwinian process of mutation, recombination and selection is not universally effective in improving complex systems like computer programs or chip designs. For adaptation to occur, these systems must possess ...},
	author = {Wagner, Gunter  P.  and Altenberg, Lee  },
	citeulike-article-id = {126862},
	journal = {Evolution},
	keywords = {change evolvability in representation},
	priority = {2},
	title = {Complex Adaptations and the Evolution of Evolvability},
	url = {http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/148444.html},
	year = {1996}
}

Associated URL:
  http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/148444.html
Language:
  en
Type:
  article
Title:
  Complex Adaptations and the Evolution of Evolvability
Author:
  Wagner, Gunter P. et. al.
Topic:
  Science / Artificial Evolution / Artificial Embryogeny
Rating:
  5
Comment:

+representation problem: "evolvability critically depends on the way genetic variation maps onto phenotypic variation"
+Evidence that phenotypic variation is under genetic control: canalization; mutant phenotypes often show more variation than the wild phenotype (see p.7) "the variability of the traits itself can evolve"
+cites Halder1995: Drosophila eyeless - out-of-place eye production can be triggered by a single signal
+"genotype-phenotype map underlying theme of: genetic canalization, developmental constraints, biological versatility, developmental dissociability, morphological integration" and more
+genotype-phenotype map evolves, main selective forces: epistatic mutations, creation of new genes
+"Variability needs to be distinguished from variation" (variability: potential to vary [*dispositional* concept, not actual state but expected development of a phenotypic trait in response to genetic and environmental influences] - variation: actually realized differences between individuals)
+cites Levinton1988: generation of variability needs to be studied
+Evolution of complex adaptations requires a match between the functional relationships of the phenotypic characters and their genetic representation - cites Riedl1975: "If the epigenetic regulation of gene expression 'imitates' the functional organization of the traits then the improvement by mutation and selection is facilitated" (helps when sexual recombination, p.11)
+cites Wright1968 "Pleiotropy cannot be wholly universal" - how limit:
modularity, interaction mainly short range, less frequent between members of different complexes 
+evolution of modularity: origin of differentiated animals dominated by parcellation / detachment (opposed to integration of distinct parts)
but where shall we put delimitations???

Acquired:
2005-06-18-01

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